This journal is committed to maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity and ethical publishing. Manuscripts submitted must be original works and properly reference all sources.

1. Definition of Plagiarism
Plagiarism includes copying or closely paraphrasing another author's work without appropriate citation, as well as self-plagiarism (reusing one's own previously published work without acknowledgment).

2. Plagiarism Screening
All submissions undergo plagiarism checks using reputable software such as iThenticate, Turnitin, or equivalent tools before peer review.

3. Similarity Threshold
Manuscripts with a similarity index of 25% or higher (excluding references, quotations, and common phrases) will be subject to further scrutiny. Authors may be asked to revise their manuscript to reduce similarity or the manuscript may be rejected outright if plagiarism is confirmed.

4. Actions on Detected Plagiarism

• Before publication: Manuscripts exceeding the similarity threshold may be rejected or returned for major revision.

• After publication: If plagiarism is detected post-publication, the journal will investigate and may issue retractions or corrections as needed to maintain the scientific record's integrity.

5. Author Responsibilities
Authors must ensure that their submissions are original, appropriately cited, and disclose any related prior publications.

6. Archiving and Transparency
The journal employs digital archiving systems such as LOCKSS to safeguard content and transparently manage any corrections or retractions resulting from ethical violations.